State

States are classes that define a state container.

Defining a State

States are classes along with decorators to describe metadata and action mappings. To define a state container, let's create an ES2015 class and decorate it with the State decorator.

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import { State } from '@ngxs/store';

@State<string[]>({
  name: 'animals',
  defaults: []
})
@Injectable()
export class AnimalsState {}

In the state decorator, we define some metadata about the state. These options include:

• name: The name of the state slice. Note: The name is a required parameter and must be unique for the entire application. Names must be object property safe, (e.g. no dashes, dots, etc).

• defaults: Default set of object/array for this state slice.

• children: Child sub state associations.

Our states can also participate in dependency injection. This is hooked up automatically so all you need to do is inject your dependencies in the constructor.

@State<ZooStateModel>({
  name: 'zoo',
  defaults: {
    feed: false
  }
})
@Injectable()
export class ZooState {
  constructor(private zooService: ZooService) {}
}

(Optional) Defining State Token

Optionally, you can choose to replace the name of your state with a state token:

const ZOO_STATE_TOKEN = new StateToken<ZooStateModel>('zoo');

@State({
  name: ZOO_STATE_TOKEN,
  defaults: {
    feed: false
  }
})
@Injectable()
export class ZooState {
  constructor(private zooService: ZooService) {}
}

This slightly more advanced approach has some benefits which you can read more about in the State Token section.

Defining Actions

Our states listen to actions via an @Action decorator. The action decorator accepts an action class or an array of action classes.

Simple Actions

Let's define a state that will listen to a FeedAnimals action to toggle whether the animals have been fed:

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import { State, Action, StateContext } from '@ngxs/store';

export class FeedAnimals {
  static readonly type = '[Zoo] FeedAnimals';
}

export interface ZooStateModel {
  feed: boolean;
}

@State<ZooStateModel>({
  name: 'zoo',
  defaults: {
    feed: false
  }
})
@Injectable()
export class ZooState {
  @Action(FeedAnimals)
  feedAnimals(ctx: StateContext<ZooStateModel>) {
    const state = ctx.getState();
    ctx.setState({
      ...state,
      feed: !state.feed
    });
  }
}

The feedAnimals function has one argument called ctx with a type of StateContext<ZooStateModel>. This context state has a slice pointer and a function exposed to set the state. It's important to note that the getState() method will always return the freshest state slice from the global store each time it is accessed. This ensures that when we're performing async operations the state is always fresh. If you want a snapshot, you can always clone the state in the method.

Actions with a payload

Actions can also pass along metadata that has to do with the action. Say we want to pass along how much hay and carrots each zebra needs.

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import { State, Action, StateContext } from '@ngxs/store';

// This is an interface that is part of your domain model
export interface ZebraFood {
  name: string;
  hay: number;
  carrots: number;
}

// naming your action metadata explicitly makes it easier to understand what the action
// is for and makes debugging easier.
export class FeedZebra {
  static readonly type = '[Zoo] FeedZebra';
  constructor(public zebraToFeed: ZebraFood) {}
}

export interface ZooStateModel {
  zebraFood: ZebraFood[];
}

@State<ZooStateModel>({
  name: 'zoo',
  defaults: {
    zebraFood: []
  }
})
@Injectable()
export class ZooState {
  @Action(FeedZebra)
  feedZebra(ctx: StateContext<ZooStateModel>, action: FeedZebra) {
    const state = ctx.getState();
    ctx.setState({
      ...state,
      zebraFood: [
        ...state.zebraFood,
        // this is the new ZebraFood instance that we add to the state
        action.zebraToFeed
      ]
    });
  }
}

In this example, we have a second argument that represents the action and we destructure it to pull out the name, hay, and carrots which we then update the state with.

There is also a shortcut patchState function to make updating the state easier. In this case, you only pass it the properties you want to update on the state and it handles the rest. The above function could be reduced to this:

@Action(FeedZebra)
feedZebra(ctx: StateContext<ZooStateModel>, action: FeedZebra) {
  const state = ctx.getState();
  ctx.patchState({
    zebraFood: [
      ...state.zebraFood,
      action.zebraToFeed,
    ]
  });
}

The setState function can also be called with a function which will be given the existing state and should return the new state. All immutability concerns need to be honoured by this function.

For comparison, here are the two ways that you can invoke the setState function... With a new constructed state value:

@Action(MyAction)
public addValue(ctx: StateContext, { payload }: MyAction) {
  ctx.setState({ ...ctx.getState(), value: payload  });
}

With a function that returns the new state value:

@Action(MyAction)
public addValue(ctx: StateContext, { payload }: MyAction) {
  ctx.setState((state) => ({ ...state, value: payload }));
}

You may ask "How is this valuable?". Well, it opens the door for refactoring of your immutable updates into state operators so that your code can become more declarative as opposed to imperative. You can find more details in our state operators documentation.

As another example you could use a library like immer that can handle the immutability updates for you and provide a different way of expressing your immutable update through direct mutation of a draft object. We can use this external library because it supports the same signature as our state operators through their curried produce function. Here is the example from above expressed in this way:

import produce from 'immer';

// in class ZooState ...
@Action(FeedZebra)
feedZebra(ctx: StateContext<ZooStateModel>, action: FeedZebra) {
  ctx.setState(produce((draft) => {
    draft.zebraFood.push(action.zebraToFeed);
  }));
}

Here the produce function from the immer library is called with just a single parameter so that it returns its curried form that will take a value and return a new value with all the expressed changes applied.

This approach can also allow for the creation of well named helper functions that can be shared between handlers that require the same type of update. The above example could be refactored to this:

// in class ZooState ...
@Action(FeedZebra)
feedZebra(ctx: StateContext<ZooStateModel>, action: FeedZebra) {
  ctx.setState(addToZebraFood(action.zebraToFeed));
}

// defined elsewhere
import produce from 'immer';

function addToZebraFood(itemToAdd) {
  return produce((draft) => {
    draft.zebraFood.push(itemToAdd);
  });
}

Async Actions

Actions can perform async operations and update the state after an operation.

Typically in Redux your actions are pure functions and you have some other system like a saga or an effect to perform these operations and dispatch another action back to your state to mutate it. There are some reasons for this, but for the most part it can be redundant and just add boilerplate. The great thing here is we give you the flexibility to make that decision yourself based on your requirements.

Let's take a look at a simple async action:

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import { State, Action, StateContext } from '@ngxs/store';
import { tap } from 'rxjs/operators';

export class FeedAnimals {
  static readonly type = '[Zoo] FeedAnimals';
  constructor(public animalsToFeed: string) {}
}

export interface ZooStateModel {
  feedAnimals: string[];
}

@State<ZooStateModel>({
  name: 'zoo',
  defaults: {
    feedAnimals: []
  }
})
@Injectable()
export class ZooState {
  constructor(private animalService: AnimalService) {}

  @Action(FeedAnimals)
  feedAnimals(ctx: StateContext<ZooStateModel>, action: FeedAnimals) {
    return this.animalService.feed(action.animalsToFeed).pipe(
      tap(animalsToFeedResult => {
        const state = ctx.getState();
        ctx.setState({
          ...state,
          feedAnimals: [...state.feedAnimals, animalsToFeedResult]
        });
      })
    );
  }
}

In this example, we reach out to the animal service and call feed and then call setState with the result. Remember that we can guarantee that the state is fresh since the state property is a getter back to the current state slice.

You might notice we returned the Observable and just did a tap. If we return the Observable, the framework will automatically subscribe to it for us, so we don't have to deal with that ourselves. Additionally, if we want the stores dispatch function to be able to complete only once the operation is completed, we need to return that so it knows that.

Observables are not a requirement, you can use promises too. We could swap that observable chain to look like this:

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import { State, Action } from '@ngxs/store';

export class FeedAnimals {
  static readonly type = '[Zoo] FeedAnimals';
  constructor(public animalsToFeed: string) {}
}

export interface ZooStateModel {
  feedAnimals: string[];
}

@State<ZooStateModel>({
  name: 'zoo',
  defaults: {
    feedAnimals: []
  }
})
@Injectable()
export class ZooState {
  constructor(private animalService: AnimalService) {}

  @Action(FeedAnimals)
  async feedAnimals(ctx: StateContext<ZooStateModel>, action: FeedAnimals) {
    const result = await this.animalService.feed(action.animalsToFeed);
    const state = ctx.getState();
    ctx.setState({
      ...state,
      feedAnimals: [...state.feedAnimals, result]
    });
  }
}

Dispatching Actions From Actions

If you want your action to dispatch another action, you can use the dispatch function that is contained in the state context object.

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import { State, Action, StateContext } from '@ngxs/store';
import { map } from 'rxjs/operators';

export interface ZooStateModel {
  feedAnimals: string[];
}

@State<ZooStateModel>({
  name: 'zoo',
  defaults: {
    feedAnimals: []
  }
})
@Injectable()
export class ZooState {
  constructor(private animalService: AnimalService) {}

  /**
   * Simple Example
   */
  @Action(FeedAnimals)
  feedAnimals(ctx: StateContext<ZooStateModel>, action: FeedAnimals) {
    const state = ctx.getState();
    ctx.setState({
      ...state,
      feedAnimals: [...state.feedAnimals, action.animalsToFeed]
    });

    return ctx.dispatch(new TakeAnimalsOutside());
  }

  /**
   * Async Example
   */
  @Action(FeedAnimals)
  feedAnimals2(ctx: StateContext<ZooStateModel>, action: FeedAnimals) {
    return this.animalService.feed(action.animalsToFeed).pipe(
      tap(animalsToFeedResult => {
        const state = ctx.getState();
        ctx.patchState({
          feedAnimals: [...state.feedAnimals, animalsToFeedResult]
        });
      }),
      mergeMap(() => ctx.dispatch(new TakeAnimalsOutside()))
    );
  }
}

Notice we returned the dispatch function, this goes back to our example above with async operations and the dispatcher subscribing to the result. It is not required though.